2 ******************************************************************************
3 * @file stm32l0xx_hal_dac.c
4 * @author MCD Application Team
6 * @date 06-February-2015
7 * @brief DAC HAL module driver.
8 * This file provides firmware functions to manage the following
9 * functionalities of the Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) peripheral:
10 * + Initialization and de-initialization functions
11 * + IO operation functions
12 * + Peripheral Control functions
13 * + Peripheral State and Errors functions
17 ==============================================================================
18 ##### DAC Peripheral features #####
19 ==============================================================================
24 STM32F0 devices integrates no, one or two 12-bit Digital Analog Converters.
25 STM32L05x & STM32L06x devices have one converter (channel1)
26 STM32L07x & STM32L08x devices have two converters (i.e. channel1 & channel2)
28 When 2 converters are present (i.e. channel1 & channel2) they
29 can be used independently or simultaneously (dual mode):
30 (#) DAC channel1 with DAC_OUT1 (PA4) as output
31 (#) DAC channel2 with DAC_OUT2 (PA5) as output (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only)
32 (#) Channel1 & channel2 can be used independently or simultaneously in dual mode (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only)
37 Digital to Analog conversion can be non-triggered using DAC_Trigger_None
38 and DAC_OUT1/DAC_OUT2 is available once writing to DHRx register.
40 Digital to Analog conversion can be triggered by:
41 (#) External event: EXTI Line 9 (any GPIOx_Pin9) using DAC_Trigger_Ext_IT9.
42 The used pin (GPIOx_Pin9) must be configured in input mode.
45 STM32L05x/STM32L06x : TIM2, TIM6 and TIM21
46 STM32L07x/STM32L08x : TIM2, TIM3, TIM6, TIM7 and TIM21
47 (DAC_Trigger_T2_TRGO, DAC_Trigger_T6_TRGO...)
49 (#) Software using DAC_Trigger_Software
51 *** DAC Buffer mode feature ***
52 ===============================
54 Each DAC channel integrates an output buffer that can be used to
55 reduce the output impedance, and to drive external loads directly
56 without having to add an external operational amplifier.
57 To enable, the output buffer use
58 sConfig.DAC_OutputBuffer = DAC_OutputBuffer_Enable;
60 (@) Refer to the device datasheet for more details about output
61 impedance value with and without output buffer.
63 *** DAC wave generation feature ***
64 ===================================
66 Both DAC channels can be used to generate
67 (#) Noise wave using HAL_DACEx_NoiseWaveGenerate()
68 (#) Triangle wave using HAL_DACEx_TriangleWaveGenerate()
70 *** DAC data format ***
71 =======================
73 The DAC data format can be:
74 (#) 8-bit right alignment using DAC_ALIGN_8B_R
75 (#) 12-bit left alignment using DAC_ALIGN_12B_L
76 (#) 12-bit right alignment using DAC_ALIGN_12B_R
78 *** DAC data value to voltage correspondence ***
79 ================================================
81 The analog output voltage on each DAC channel pin is determined
82 by the following equation:
83 DAC_OUTx = VREF+ * DOR / 4095
84 with DOR is the Data Output Register
85 VEF+ is the input voltage reference (refer to the device datasheet)
86 e.g. To set DAC_OUT1 to 0.7V, use
87 Assuming that VREF+ = 3.3V, DAC_OUT1 = (3.3 * 868) / 4095 = 0.7V
92 A DMA1 request can be generated when an external trigger (but not
93 a software trigger) occurs if DMA1 requests are enabled using
96 DMA1 requests are mapped as following:
97 (#) DAC channel1 : mapped on DMA1 Request9 channel2 which must be
99 (#) DAC channel2 : mapped on DMA1 Request15 channel4 which must be
100 already configured (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only)
102 -@- For Dual mode (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only) and specific signal Triangle and noise generation please
103 refer to Extension Features Driver description
106 ##### How to use this driver #####
107 ==============================================================================
109 (+) DAC APB clock must be enabled to get write access to DAC
110 registers using HAL_DAC_Init()
111 (+) Configure DAC_OUT1: PA4 in analog mode.
112 (+) Configure DAC_OUT2: PA5 in analog mode (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only).
113 (+) Configure the DAC channel using HAL_DAC_ConfigChannel() function.
114 (+) Enable the DAC channel using HAL_DAC_Start() or HAL_DAC_Start_DMA functions
116 *** Polling mode IO operation ***
117 =================================
119 (+) Start the DAC peripheral using HAL_DAC_Start()
120 (+) To read the DAC last data output value value, use the HAL_DAC_GetValue() function.
121 (+) Stop the DAC peripheral using HAL_DAC_Stop()
123 *** DMA mode IO operation ***
124 ==============================
126 (+) Start the DAC peripheral using HAL_DAC_Start_DMA(), at this stage the user specify the length
127 of data to be transferred at each end of conversion
128 (+) At the middle of data transfer HAL_DAC_ConvHalfCpltCallbackCh1()or HAL_DAC_ConvHalfCpltCallbackCh2()
129 function is executed and user can add his own code by customization of function pointer
130 HAL_DAC_ConvHalfCpltCallbackCh1 or HAL_DAC_ConvHalfCpltCallbackCh2
131 (+) At The end of data transfer HAL_DAC_ConvCpltCallbackCh1()or HAL_DAC_ConvCpltCallbackCh2()
132 function is executed and user can add his own code by customization of function pointer
133 HAL_DAC_ConvCpltCallbackCh1 or HAL_DAC_ConvCpltCallbackCh2
134 (+) In case of transfer Error, HAL_DAC_ErrorCallbackCh1() function is executed and user can
135 add his own code by customization of function pointer HAL_DAC_ErrorCallbackCh1
136 (+) In case of DMA underrun, DAC interruption triggers and execute internal function HAL_DAC_IRQHandler.
137 HAL_DAC_DMAUnderrunCallbackCh1()or HAL_DAC_DMAUnderrunCallbackCh2()
138 function is executed and user can add his own code by customization of function pointer
139 HAL_DAC_DMAUnderrunCallbackCh1 or HAL_DAC_DMAUnderrunCallbackCh2
140 add his own code by customization of function pointer HAL_DAC_ErrorCallbackCh1
141 (+) Stop the DAC peripheral using HAL_DAC_Stop_DMA()
143 *** DAC HAL driver macros list ***
144 =============================================
146 Below the list of most used macros in DAC HAL driver.
148 (+) __HAL_DAC_ENABLE : Enable the DAC peripheral
149 (+) __HAL_DAC_DISABLE : Disable the DAC peripheral
150 (+) __HAL_DAC_CLEAR_FLAG: Clear the DAC's pending flags
151 (+) __HAL_DAC_GET_FLAG: Get the selected DAC's flag status
154 (@) You can refer to the DAC HAL driver header file for more useful macros
157 ******************************************************************************
160 * <h2><center>© COPYRIGHT(c) 2015 STMicroelectronics</center></h2>
162 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
163 * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
164 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
165 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
166 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
167 * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
168 * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
169 * 3. Neither the name of STMicroelectronics nor the names of its contributors
170 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
171 * without specific prior written permission.
173 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
174 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
175 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
176 * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
177 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
178 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
179 * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
180 * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
181 * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
182 * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
184 ******************************************************************************
188 #if !defined (STM32L031xx) && !defined (STM32L041xx) && !defined (STM32L051xx) && !defined (STM32L061xx) && !defined (STM32L071xx) && !defined (STM32L081xx)
189 /* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
190 #include "stm32l0xx_hal.h"
192 #ifdef HAL_DAC_MODULE_ENABLED
193 /** @addtogroup STM32L0xx_HAL_Driver
197 /** @defgroup DAC DAC HAL module driver
198 * @brief DAC driver modules
203 /* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
204 /* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
205 /* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
206 /* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/
207 /* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
209 /* Private functions ---------------------------------------------------------*/
211 /** @defgroup DAC_Exported_Functions DAC Exported Functions
215 /** @defgroup DAC_Exported_Functions_Group1 Initialization and de-initialization functions
216 * @brief Initialization and Configuration functions
219 ==============================================================================
220 ##### Initialization and de-initialization functions #####
221 ==============================================================================
222 [..] This section provides functions allowing to:
223 (+) Initialize and configure the DAC.
224 (+) De-initialize the DAC.
231 * @brief Initializes the DAC peripheral according to the specified parameters
232 * in the DAC_InitStruct.
233 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
234 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
237 HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_Init(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac)
239 /* Check DAC handle */
244 /* Check the parameters */
245 assert_param(IS_DAC_ALL_INSTANCE(hdac->Instance));
247 if(hdac->State == HAL_DAC_STATE_RESET)
249 /* Init the low level hardware */
250 HAL_DAC_MspInit(hdac);
253 /* Initialize the DAC state*/
254 hdac->State = HAL_DAC_STATE_BUSY;
256 /* Set DAC error code to none */
257 hdac->ErrorCode = HAL_DAC_ERROR_NONE;
259 /* Initialize the DAC state*/
260 hdac->State = HAL_DAC_STATE_READY;
262 /* Return function status */
267 * @brief Deinitializes the DAC peripheral registers to their default reset values.
268 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
269 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
272 HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_DeInit(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac)
274 /* Check DAC handle */
280 /* Check the parameters */
281 assert_param(IS_DAC_ALL_INSTANCE(hdac->Instance));
283 /* Change DAC state */
284 hdac->State = HAL_DAC_STATE_BUSY;
286 /* DeInit the low level hardware */
287 HAL_DAC_MspDeInit(hdac);
289 /* Set DAC error code to none */
290 hdac->ErrorCode = HAL_DAC_ERROR_NONE;
292 /* Change DAC state */
293 hdac->State = HAL_DAC_STATE_RESET;
298 /* Return function status */
303 * @brief Initializes the DAC MSP.
304 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
305 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
308 __weak void HAL_DAC_MspInit(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac)
310 /* NOTE : This function Should not be modified, when the callback is needed,
311 the HAL_DAC_MspInit could be implemented in the user file
316 * @brief DeInitializes the DAC MSP.
317 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
318 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
321 __weak void HAL_DAC_MspDeInit(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac)
323 /* NOTE : This function Should not be modified, when the callback is needed,
324 the HAL_DAC_MspDeInit could be implemented in the user file
332 /** @defgroup DAC_Exported_Functions_Group2 IO operation functions
333 * @brief IO operation functions
336 ==============================================================================
337 ##### IO operation functions #####
338 ==============================================================================
339 [..] This section provides functions allowing to:
340 (+) Start conversion.
342 (+) Start conversion and enable DMA transfer.
343 (+) Stop conversion and disable DMA transfer.
344 (+) Get result of conversion.
345 (+) Get result of dual mode conversion (STM32L07xx/STM32L08xx only)
352 * @brief Enables DAC and starts conversion of channel.
353 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
354 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
355 * @param Channel: The selected DAC channel.
356 * This parameter can be one of the following values:
357 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_1: DAC Channel1 selected
358 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_2: DAC Channel2 selected
361 __weak HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_Start(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel)
363 /* Note : This function is defined into this file for library reference. */
364 /* Function content is located into file stm32l0xx_hal_dac_ex.c */
366 /* Return function status */
371 * @brief Disables DAC and stop conversion of channel.
372 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
373 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
374 * @param Channel: The selected DAC channel.
375 * This parameter can be one of the following values:
376 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_1: DAC Channel1 selected
377 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_2: DAC Channel2 selected (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only)
380 HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_Stop(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel)
382 /* Check the parameters */
383 assert_param(IS_DAC_CHANNEL(Channel));
385 /* Disable the Peripheral */
386 __HAL_DAC_DISABLE(hdac, Channel);
388 /* Change DAC state */
389 hdac->State = HAL_DAC_STATE_READY;
391 /* Return function status */
396 * @brief Enables DAC and starts conversion of channel using DMA.
397 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
398 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
399 * @param Channel: The selected DAC channel.
400 * This parameter can be one of the following values:
401 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_1: DAC Channel1 selected
402 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_2: DAC Channel2 selected (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only)
403 * @param pData: The destination peripheral Buffer address.
404 * @param Length: The length of data to be transferred from memory to DAC peripheral
405 * @param Alignment: Specifies the data alignment for DAC channel.
406 * This parameter can be one of the following values:
407 * @arg DAC_ALIGN_8B_R: 8bit right data alignment selected
408 * @arg DAC_ALIGN_12B_L: 12bit left data alignment selected
409 * @arg DAC_ALIGN_12B_R: 12bit right data alignment selected
412 __weak HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_Start_DMA(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel, uint32_t* pData, uint32_t Length, uint32_t Alignment)
414 /* Note : This function is defined into this file for library reference. */
415 /* Function content is located into file stm32l0xx_hal_dac_ex.c */
417 /* Return function status */
422 * @brief Disables DAC and stop conversion of channel.
423 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
424 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
425 * @param Channel: The selected DAC channel.
426 * This parameter can be one of the following values:
427 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_1: DAC Channel1 selected
428 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_2: DAC Channel2 selected (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only)
431 __weak HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_Stop_DMA(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel)
433 /* Note : This function is defined into this file for library reference. */
434 /* Function content is located into file stm32l0xx_hal_dac_ex.c */
436 /* Return function status */
441 * @brief Returns the last data output value of the selected DAC channel.
442 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
443 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
444 * @param Channel: The selected DAC channel.
445 * This parameter can be one of the following values:
446 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_1: DAC Channel1 selected
447 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_2: DAC Channel2 selected (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only)
448 * @retval The selected DAC channel data output value.
450 __weak uint32_t HAL_DAC_GetValue(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel)
452 /* Note : This function is defined into this file for library reference. */
453 /* Function content is located into file stm32l0xx_hal_dac_ex.c */
455 /* Return function status */
460 * @brief Handles DAC interrupt request
461 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
462 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
465 __weak void HAL_DAC_IRQHandler(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac)
467 /* Note : This function is defined into this file for library reference. */
468 /* Function content is located into file stm32l0xx_hal_dac_ex.c */
473 * @brief Conversion complete callback in non blocking mode for Channel1
474 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
475 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
478 __weak void HAL_DAC_ConvCpltCallbackCh1(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac)
480 /* NOTE : This function Should not be modified, when the callback is needed,
481 the HAL_DAC_ConvCpltCallbackCh1 could be implemented in the user file
486 * @brief Conversion half DMA transfer callback in non blocking mode for Channel1
487 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
488 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
491 __weak void HAL_DAC_ConvHalfCpltCallbackCh1(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac)
493 /* NOTE : This function Should not be modified, when the callback is needed,
494 the HAL_DAC_ConvHalfCpltCallbackCh1 could be implemented in the user file
499 * @brief Error DAC callback for Channel1.
500 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
501 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
504 __weak void HAL_DAC_ErrorCallbackCh1(DAC_HandleTypeDef *hdac)
506 /* NOTE : This function Should not be modified, when the callback is needed,
507 the HAL_DAC_ErrorCallbackCh1 could be implemented in the user file
512 * @brief DMA underrun DAC callback for channel1.
513 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
514 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
517 __weak void HAL_DAC_DMAUnderrunCallbackCh1(DAC_HandleTypeDef *hdac)
519 /* NOTE : This function Should not be modified, when the callback is needed,
520 the HAL_DAC_DMAUnderrunCallbackCh1 could be implemented in the user file
528 /** @defgroup DAC_Exported_Functions_Group3 Peripheral Control functions
529 * @brief Peripheral Control functions
532 ==============================================================================
533 ##### Peripheral Control functions #####
534 ==============================================================================
535 [..] This section provides functions allowing to:
536 (+) Configure channels.
537 (+) Set the specified data holding register value for DAC channel.
544 * @brief Configures the selected DAC channel.
545 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
546 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
547 * @param sConfig: DAC configuration structure.
548 * @param Channel: The selected DAC channel.
549 * This parameter can be one of the following values:
550 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_1: DAC Channel1 selected
551 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_2: DAC Channel2 selected (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only)
554 HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_ConfigChannel(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, DAC_ChannelConfTypeDef* sConfig, uint32_t Channel)
556 uint32_t tmpreg1 = 0, tmpreg2 = 0;
558 /* Check the DAC parameters */
559 assert_param(IS_DAC_TRIGGER(sConfig->DAC_Trigger));
560 assert_param(IS_DAC_OUTPUT_BUFFER_STATE(sConfig->DAC_OutputBuffer));
561 assert_param(IS_DAC_CHANNEL(Channel));
566 /* Change DAC state */
567 hdac->State = HAL_DAC_STATE_BUSY;
569 /* Get the DAC CR value */
570 tmpreg1 = hdac->Instance->CR;
571 /* Clear BOFFx, TENx, TSELx, WAVEx and MAMPx bits */
572 tmpreg1 &= ~(((uint32_t)(DAC_CR_MAMP1 | DAC_CR_WAVE1 | DAC_CR_TSEL1 | DAC_CR_TEN1 | DAC_CR_BOFF1)) << Channel);
573 /* Configure for the selected DAC channel: buffer output, trigger */
574 /* Set TSELx and TENx bits according to DAC_Trigger value */
575 /* Set BOFFx bit according to DAC_OutputBuffer value */
576 tmpreg2 = (sConfig->DAC_Trigger | sConfig->DAC_OutputBuffer);
577 /* Calculate CR register value depending on DAC_Channel */
578 tmpreg1 |= tmpreg2 << Channel;
579 /* Write to DAC CR */
580 hdac->Instance->CR = tmpreg1;
581 /* Disable wave generation */
582 CLEAR_BIT(hdac->Instance->CR, (DAC_CR_WAVE1 << Channel));
583 /* Change DAC state */
584 hdac->State = HAL_DAC_STATE_READY;
586 /* Process unlocked */
589 /* Return function status */
594 * @brief Set the specified data holding register value for DAC channel.
595 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
596 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
597 * @param Channel: The selected DAC channel.
598 * This parameter can be one of the following values:
599 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_1: DAC Channel1 selected
600 * @arg DAC_CHANNEL_2: DAC Channel2 selected (STM32L07x/STM32L08x only)
601 * @param Alignment: Specifies the data alignment.
602 * This parameter can be one of the following values:
603 * @arg DAC_ALIGN_8B_R: 8bit right data alignment selected
604 * @arg DAC_ALIGN_12B_L: 12bit left data alignment selected
605 * @arg DAC_ALIGN_12B_R: 12bit right data alignment selected
606 * @param Data: Data to be loaded in the selected data holding register.
609 __weak HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_DAC_SetValue(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac, uint32_t Channel, uint32_t Alignment, uint32_t Data)
611 /* Note : This function is defined into this file for library reference. */
612 /* Function content is located into file stm32l0xx_hal_dac_ex.c */
614 /* Return function status */
622 /** @defgroup DAC_Exported_Functions_Group4 Peripheral State and Errors functions
623 * @brief Peripheral State and Errors functions
626 ==============================================================================
627 ##### Peripheral State and Errors functions #####
628 ==============================================================================
630 This subsection provides functions allowing to
631 (+) Check the DAC state.
632 (+) Check the DAC Errors.
639 * @brief return the DAC state
640 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
641 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
644 HAL_DAC_StateTypeDef HAL_DAC_GetState(DAC_HandleTypeDef* hdac)
646 /* Return DAC state */
652 * @brief Return the DAC error code
653 * @param hdac: pointer to a DAC_HandleTypeDef structure that contains
654 * the configuration information for the specified DAC.
655 * @retval DAC Error Code
657 uint32_t HAL_DAC_GetError(DAC_HandleTypeDef *hdac)
659 return hdac->ErrorCode;
670 /** @addtogroup DAC_Private_Functions
686 #endif /* HAL_DAC_MODULE_ENABLED */
687 #endif /* !STM32L031xx && !STM32L041xx && !STM32L051xx && !STM32L061xx&& !STM32L071xx&& !STM32L081xx*/
689 /************************ (C) COPYRIGHT STMicroelectronics *****END OF FILE****/